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What (who) is caliphate$10738$ - definition
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![Commemorative plaque where the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] was signed](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca1.jpg?width=200 "Commemorative plaque where the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] was signed")
![Mamluk]] armies](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/مرج دابق محاربه سى (عثمانلى).jpg?width=200 "Mamluk]] armies")
![Hafiz Muhiuddin [[Aurangzeb]], unlike his predecessors, was considered to be a Caliph of India](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg?width=200 "Hafiz Muhiuddin [[Aurangzeb]], unlike his predecessors, was considered to be a Caliph of India")
![Ayyubid Sultanate (in pink) at the death of [[Saladin]] in 1193](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ayyubid Sultanate 1193 AD.jpg?width=200 "Ayyubid Sultanate (in pink) at the death of [[Saladin]] in 1193")
![[[Abdulmejid II]], the last caliph of Sunni Islam from the [[Ottoman dynasty]], with his daughter [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Halife Abdülmecid Efendi ve kızı Dürrüşehvar Sultan.jpg?width=200 "[[Abdulmejid II]], the last caliph of Sunni Islam from the [[Ottoman dynasty]], with his daughter [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]]")
![Islamic State]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Libyan Civil War.png?width=200 "Islamic State]]")
![Second Caliph]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg?width=200 "Second Caliph]]")
![[[Mustansiriya Madrasah]] in [[Baghdad]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mustansiriya University CPT.jpg?width=200 "[[Mustansiriya Madrasah]] in [[Baghdad]]")
![The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in 1683, under Sultan [[Mehmed IV]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OttomanEmpireMain.png?width=200 "The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in 1683, under Sultan [[Mehmed IV]]")
![Official portrait of [[Abdulmejid II]] as caliph](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg?width=200 "Official portrait of [[Abdulmejid II]] as caliph")
![ISIL]]'s territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Territoires de l'Etat islamique juin 2015.png?width=200 "ISIL]]'s territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015")
Wikipedia
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The caliphate of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: خلافت مقامى, romanized: hilâfet makamı, lit. 'office of the caliphate') was the claim of the heads of the Turkish Ottoman dynasty to be the caliphs of Islam in the late medieval and the early modern era. During the period of Ottoman expansion, Ottoman rulers claimed caliphal authority after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by Sultan Selim I in 1517, which bestowed the title of Defender of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina upon him and strengthened the Ottoman claim to caliphate in the Muslim world.
The demise of the Ottoman Caliphate took place because of a slow erosion of power in relation to Western Europe, and because of the end of the Ottoman state as a consequence of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the League of Nations mandate. Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman caliph, held his caliphal position for a couple of years after the partitioning, but with Mustafa Kemal Pasha's secular reforms and the subsequent exile of the imperial Osmanoğlu family from Turkey in 1924, the caliphal position was abolished. Mustafa Kemal Pasha offered the caliphate to Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for Abdulmejid II.
With the establishments of Bektashi and Mevlevi orders, heterodox, syncretic and mystic approaches to Islam like Sufism flourished.
